The third variationist wave: continuity or discontinuity of phases?

Marcela Langa Lacerda,
Edair Maria Görski,
Carla Regina Martins Paza
PDF

Abstract

The systematization of the studies of variationist sociolinguistics in three waves (ECKERT, 2012), or phases, organizes in a way the work that has been carried out in the area since the 1960s. Refining this systematization, this article aims to discuss the epistemological (and therefore theoretical-methodological) (in)adequacy of the approximation between the waves based on favorable and unfavorable arguments to the idea of continuity/ complementarity between the phases. This investigation has an interpretative nature, constitutes a bibliographic research and examines Eckert (2000; 2008; 2012; 2016a; 2016b; 2018), Labov (2001, 2010), Eckert and Rickford (2001), Coupland (2001; 2007, 2014); Camacho (2013; 2015) Bell (2001; 2014; 2016), Eckert and Labov (2017), Hernández-Campoy (2019; 2020), among other authors. The reflections point to the possibility of two different interpretations about the relatioship established between the different variationist phases: on the one hand, one interpretation is that there is an epistemological continuum between the three phases, so that its assumptions would be integrated in the third wave, leading to a robust theory of variation; on the other hand, another interpretation is that there is no epistemological continuum between the three phases, since the first phase would harmonize with procedures of a structural approach and the third phase would harmonize with procedures of an antropological-discursive approach, leading to a robust theory of variation by the aspects that are constitutive to its (and not by an integration of assumptions of the three phases). In view of the discussion carried out, we highlight that is relevant for the area to consider this controversial metatheoretical point.   

References

BAUMAN, Richard. The ethnography of genre in a Mexican market: form, function, variation. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 57-77.

BAUMAN, Zygmunt. Identidade. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar: 2005.

BELL, Allan. Back in style: reworking audience design. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 139-169.

BELL, Allan. The guidebook to sociolinguistics. Malden, Massachusetts/Oxford, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. 2014.

BELL, Allan. Succeding waves: seeking sociolinguistics theory for the twenty-first century. In: COUPLAND, Nikolas. Sociolinguistics: theoretical debates. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. p. 391-416.

BOURDIEU, Pierre. A economia das trocas simbólicas. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2011.

BOURDIEU, Pierre. O poder simbólico. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2009.

BRAGANÇA, Marcela Langa Lacerda. Uma proposta de articulação teórico-metodológica entre os campos variacionista, funcionalista e dialógico para o tratamento de variação/mudança: reflexões a partir da expressão do futuro do presente. Tese (Doutorado em Teoria e Análise Linguística) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2017.

CAMACHO, Roberto Gomes. Da linguística formal à linguística social. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2013.

CAMACHO, Roberto Gomes. Um breve retrospectiva da pesquisa sociolinguística. In: PARREIRA, Maria Cristina; CAVALARI, Suzi Marques Spatti; ABREUTARDELLI, Lília; NADIN, Odair Luiz; COSTA, Daniel Soares (Orgs.). Pesquisas em linguística no século XXI: perspectivas e desafios teórico-metodológicos (Série Trilhas Linguísticas 27). 1 ed. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2015. p. 13-27.

CAMACHO, Roberto Gomes; SALOMÃO-CONCHALO, Mircia Hermenildo. A variação de plural no SN como um indexador de identidade. Todas as Letras, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 2, p. 46-63, maio/ago 2016. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.15529/1980-6914/letras.v18n2p46-63. Acesso em ago. 2022.

CASIMIRO, Sérgio. A identidade nos estudos sociolinguísticos. In: ANDRADE, Gustavo da Silva. Estudos linguísticos: do falado ao escrito, do texto ao discurso. Porto Alegre, RS: Editora Fi, 2021. p. 30-56.

CONDE-SILVESTRE, Juan Camilo; HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY, Juan Manuel. Introduction. In: HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY, Juan Manuel; CONDE-SILVESTRE, Juan Camilo (Orgs.). The handbook of historical sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing, 2012. p. 01-08. Disponível em: http://pt.bookzz.org/book/2152765/f196fb. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2016.

COUPLAND, Nikolas. Language, situation, and the relational self: theorizing dialectstyle in sociolinguistics. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 185-210.

COUPLAND, Nikolas. Style: language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

COUPLAND, Nikolas. Social context, style, and identity in sociolinguistics. In: HOLMES, Janet; HAZEN, Kirk. (Eds.). Research methods in sociolinguistics: a practical guide. Malden, Massachusetts/Oxford, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. 2014.

COUPLAND, Nikolas. Sociolinguistics: theoretical debates. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

ECKERT, Penelope. Linguistic variation as social practice: the linguistic construction of social meaning in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

ECKERT, Penelope. Style and social meaning. In: RICKFORD, John R.; ECKERT, P Penelope. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 119-126.

ECKERT, Penelope. Variation, convention, and social meaning. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Oakland, CA. Jan. 7, 2005.

Eckert, Penelope. (2008). Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(4), 453-476. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00374.x

ECKERT, Penelope. Where does the social stop? In: GREGERSEN, Frans.; PARROTT, Jeffrey K.; QUIST, Pia. (Eds.). Language variation – european perspectives III. Selected papers from ICLaVE 5, Copenhagen, June, 2009. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, p. 13-30, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.7.02eck

ECKERT, Penelope. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology, n. 41, p. 87-100, jun. 2012.DOI:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828

ECKERT, Penelope. Third wave variationism. Oxford Handbooks Online, 2016a. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.27

ECKERT, Penelope. Variation, meaning and social change. In: COUPLAND, Nikolas. (ed). Sociolinguistics: theoretical debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016b. p. 68-85.

ECKERT, Penelope. Meaning and linguistic variation: the third wave in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2018. Disponível em:https://librarylinguistics.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/meaning_and_linguistic_variation.pdf Acesso em: 11 ago. 2022.

ECKERT, Penelope; WENGER, Étienne. What is the role of power in sociolinguistic variation? Journal of Sociolinguistics. Reino Unido, 9, 4, p. 582- 589, 2005.

ECKERT, Penelope.; LABOV, William. Phonetics, phonology and social meaning. Journal of Sociolinguistics, v. 21, n. 4, p. 1–30, 2017.

ECKERT, Penelope.; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

EDWARDS, John. Language and identity: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

FIGUEROA, Ester. Sociolinguistic metatheory. Pergamon, 1994.

GIDDENS, Anthony. Modernidade e identidade. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2002.

GÖRSKI, Edair Maria; VALLE, Carla Regina Martins. Reconfiguração da sociolinguística variacionista e repercussões para o ensino: questões estilísticas e identitárias. Estudos linguísticos e literários, Salvador, n. 63, n. especial, 2019, p. 97-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/ell.v0i63.33766

HALL, Stuart. A identidade cultural na pós-modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: Lamparina, 2015.

HALL-LEW, Lauren; CARDOSO, Amanda; DAVIES, Emma. Social meaning and sound change. In: HALL-LEW, Lauren; MOORE, Emma; PODESVA, Robert J. (Eds.). Social meaning and linguistic variation: theorizing the third wave. Cambridge University Press, 2021. p. 27-53.

HALL-LEW, Lauren; MOORE, Emma; PODESVA, Robert. J. (Eds.). Social meaning and linguistic variation: theorizing the third wave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY, Juan Manuel. Sociolinguistic styles. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.

HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY, Juan Manuel. Stylistic models in sociolinguistics and social philosophy. JournaLIPP 7: 1-17, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5282/journalipp/4874

HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY, Juan Manuel. Entrevista com o sociolinguista Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy. Entrevista concedida a Egisvanda Isys de Almeida Sandes, Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Cruz e Elena Fernández de Molina Ortés. Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 6, n. 1, p. 22-36, jan./jun., 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v6i1.13728

IRVINE, Judith. “Style” as distinctiveness: the culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 21-43.

KENDALL, Tyler. Data in the study of variation and change. In: CHAMBERS, Jack K.; TRUDGILL, Peter; SCHILLING, Natalie. (Eds.). The handbook of language variation and change. 2 ed. Cambridge: Blackwell, 2013. p. 38-56.

KIESLING, Scott F. Constructing identity. In: CHAMBERS, Jack K.; SCHILLING, Natalie. (Eds.). The handbook of language variation and change. 2. ed. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2013. p. 448-467.

LABOV, William. Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. In: BAUGH, John; SHERZER, Joel (Eds.). Language in use. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1984. p. 28–53.

LABOV, William. Principles of linguistic change: social factors. Cambridge: B. Blackwell, 2001.

LABOV, William. The social stratification of english in New York City. 2. ed. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 2006 [1966].

LABOV, William. Padrões sociolinguísticos. Tradução de Marcos Bagno, Maria Marta Pereira Scherre e Caroline Rodrigues Cardoso. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2008 [1972].

LABOV, William. Principles of linguistic change: cognitive and cultural factors. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2010.

LUCCHESI, Dante. A Teoria da variação linguística: um balanço crítico. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, 41(2): p. 793-805, maio-ago 2012.

MAY, Guilherme Henrique. Labov e o fato social. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2001.

MILROY, Lesley. Language and social networks. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.

MILROY, Lesley; GORDON, Matthew. Sociolinguistics: method and interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.

RICKFORD, John R. Style and stylizing from the perspective of a nonautonomous sociolinguistics. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 220-231.

RICKFORD, John R.; ECKERT, Penelope. Introduction. In: ECKERT, Penelope; RICKFORD, John R. (Eds.). Style and sociolinguistic variation. 2001. p. 01-18.

SCHILLING, Nathalie. Sociolinguistic fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013a.

SCHILLING, Nathalie. Investigating stylistic variation. In: CHAMBERS, Jack K.; TRUDGILL, Peter; SCHILLING, Natalie. (Eds.). The handbook of language variation and change. 2 ed. Cambridge: Blackwell, 2013b. p. 327 – 349.

SEVERO, Cristine Gorski. Por uma perspectiva social dialógica da linguagem: repensando a noção do indivíduo. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2007.

SILVERSTEIN, Michael. Indexical order and dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & communication, University of Chicago, 23, p. 193-229, 2003. Disponível em:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530903000132 Acesso em: 11 ago. 2022.

SHUY, Roger W. A brief history of american sociolinguistics 1949-1989. In: PAULSTON, Christina Bratt; TUCKER, G. Richard (Eds.). Sociolinguistics: the essential readings. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. p. 4-16.

TAGLIAMONTE, Sali. A. Variationist sociolinguistics: change, observation, interpretation. Cambridge: Wiley – Blackwell, 2012.

VANDENBERGHE, Frederic. Globalização e individualização na modernidade tardia: uma introdução teórica à sociologia da juventude. Mediações-Revista de Ciências Sociais, v. 19, n. 1, 2014, p. 265-316.

WEINREICH, Uriel; LABOV, William; HERZOG, Marvin. Fundamentos empíricos para uma teoria da mudança linguística. Tradução de Marcos Bagno. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2006 [1968].

ZHANG, Qing. A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological variation and the construction of a new professional identity. Language in Society 34(3), p. 431–66, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404505050153